How to partition and install Ubuntu?

How to partition and install Ubuntu?

I'm using my Ubuntu LIVE 12.04 LTS CD because I have no other OS that is
functional. My Vista Home Premium 64-bit crashed repeatedly, and I have no
intention of paying for anymore Windows OS.
Here's my problem: Ubuntu will ONLY boot from the CD I created.
No such device, grub rescue errors on boot Disc read error.
I partitioned over 30 Gigs of space on my external Toshiba drive for the
Ubuntu Install (I have NO CLUE what I am doing here).
The forums say to try to fix it myself, and I have looked at so many posts
with install issues that my head is "swimming"!
Now I am in deep... Vista will not boot at all, can't even access the
files on it. I don't know what I am doing, there is a RED "!" next to my
Main Hard drive (500 Gig) (NTFS) (NOT MOUNTED) and the error does not
display completely in GParted - I don't know how to copy that error list
and it's not scrollable. What it DOES say is:
**Filesystem Check failed.
40186 clusters are referenced multiple times
NTFS is inconsistent. Run chkdsk /f on Windows then reboot it twice.
(um, does that mean on a terminal because I can't load windows? Should I
do this or will it get worse?)
The usage of the /f parameter is very important.
No modification was and will be made to NTFS software until it gets
repaired.**
Unable to read the contents of the file system.
The cause might be a missing software package.
The following list of software packages is required for NTFS...
and that is where the error ends, no scroll, no package list.
As far as my USB External Toshiba Drive (1Tb) is unmounted, I deleted the
Ubuntu files and reverted to the "unallocated" 32 Gig partition, so it is
empty. But the swap remains. The "extended" (sbd2) and swap (sbd5) are
showing as locked (key showing) in GParted.
After attempting to install Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, wouldn't boot, even with
BIOS changed boot drive every way... I uninstalled it, but left the swap
as I had read in a few posts.
What do I do to fix this mess?
If I install it on my HDD (500 Gig) overwriting all my files and programs,
will it work or will I still have these problems?
This is what I get with sudo fdisk -l:
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x97646c29
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 63 24579449 12289693+ b W95 FAT32
/dev/sda2 24579450 976771119 476095835 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
Disk /dev/sdb: 1500.3 GB, 1500301910016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 182401 cylinders, total 2930277168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x525d39b7
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 2048 2849062911 1424530432 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2 2849064958 2930276351 40605697 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 2917697536 2930276351 6289408 82 Linux swap / Solaris
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$